A Poente...

A Poente...
Na Baía de Nacala!

Alfacinha

Alfacinha
encontra Mapebanes

Luso calaico

Luso calaico
visita Etxwabo

quarta-feira, 24 de fevereiro de 2016

Filosofia Budista

“The fact that we possess something called “mind” or “consciousness” is quite obvious, since our experience testifies to its presence. Then i tis also evident, again from our own experience, that what we call “mind” or “consciousness” is something which is subject to change when it is exposed to different conditions and circumstances. This shows us its moment-to-moment nature, its susceptibility to change. … Buddhism believes in universal causation, that everything is subject to change, and to causes and conditions. So there is no place given to a divine creator, nor to beings who are self-crated; rather does everything arise as a consequence of causes and conditions. So mind, or consciousness, too comes into being as a result of its previous instants.”


Sogyal Rinpoche, The continuity of mind, Evolution, Karma and Rebirth, The Tibetan Book of Living & Dying, Rider, London, 2002.

Determinants of Adherence to Anti-retroviral therapy in HIV Positive patients, Nampula, Mozambique, 2014.

Paulo H. N. M. Pires[1], Marega Abdoulaye[2], José Miguel Craegh[3].

ABSTRACT

Background and objective: the HIV epidemic in Mozambique is a public health problem. The Mozambican National Health Service expanded treatment with Antiretroviral therapy (ART) to all districts of the country in 2009. Unfortunately the expansion of ART was followed by a high rate of ART non-compliance thought to be due to inadequate food intake and difficulty accessing health centres due to transport and resource availability issues. Causes of non-compliance with treatment have not been well researched. Our research evaluates ART adherence rates in Nampula Province and treatment non-compliance reasons.
Methods: a quantitative cohort study was undertaken in 5 health centres in areas of Nampula Province. Surveys were done with patients on treatment and patients who are non-compliant with therapy. Patient information documents (clinical files, pharmacy and  statistical records) were also consulted. 
Results: ART non adherence rates attained 40%. We surveyed 208 patients who were ART adherent and 86 patients who were non-compliant with therapy, 70% were female, between 18 and 62 years of age. The main reason for treatment non-compliance (36%) was the stigma attached to having HIV; 58% of all people do not have enough food, 37% suffer from depressive ideation and 18% abuse substances, mainly alcohol. ART adherence (>95% of pills are taken for the last three months) is 69%, but 36% of people who are adherent have a CD4 count under 350 and 63% are not following the Health Ministry recommended treatment protocol.
Discussion: families and local communities percept stigma of having HIV is considered the main reason for ART non-adherence, but food insecurity and depression are also important determinants. Although poor health services occupy the last position in ART cessation causes, many patients are not following the recommended treatment protocol due to Health Centre deficits. ART adherence rate of 69% explains the high incidence of opportunistic infections (27%).
Conclusion: ART non-adherence in Nampula is a serious and complex problem due to individual, social and health system factors. It will be necessary to develop an interdisciplinary intervention with patients and their families, health professionals and traditional healers, to reverse this situation and improve the long term outcome of HIV patients.
KEY WORDS: ART non-compliance, ART non-adherence, Nampula, Mozambique.
1. INTRODUCTION
Worldwide in 2010 about 34 million people were living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and almost half (47%, 6.6 million) of 14.2 million people eligible for treatment had access to antiretroviral treatment (ART).[1]
The United Nations General Assembly (2011) Political Declaration on HIV and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), made the following findings:
 - "The International Drug Purchase Facility based on innovative financing and focused on access, quality and reduction of prices of antiretroviral medicines (ARV) allowed the expansion of access to ART.
- Access to safe, effective, affordable, good-quality medicines and commodities in the context of epidemics such as HIV is fundamental to the full realization of the right of everyone to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health."[2]
Adherence to ART is the key factor in determining the degree and duration of viral suppression[3]. A study in Spain showed that inadequate social and family environments diminish the adherence rate to ART[4]. Another study in Uganda found that "in patients on ART, routine laboratory monitoring is associated with better health and survival compared with clinical follow-up alone".[5]
The Mozambican population has suffered a significant negative impact due to HIV infection in terms of morbidity an mortality. One of the challenges is the increasing burden on the health system, which suffers a general lack of health professionals, especially in rural areas. In 2011 Mozambique had a HIV prevalence of 11,5% prevalence and about 46% on ART[6] compared to 3,500 patients receiving treatment in 2003, attesting to the effectiveness of the Health Ministry’s efforts to bring ART to all the country's districts.
Professional experience over six years in HIV clinics in Mozambican Zambezia and Nampula provinces and other health professionals’ testimonies underline food insecurity and low accessibility to health services as the two main difficulties for ART expansion in Mozambique.
In the last three years treatment withdrawals numbers have increased significantly, causing a new public health challenge, due to the danger of quickly developing resistance to ARV’s if therapy is interrupted. In Nampula province, HIV infection prevalence rate is below 10% (national average 16%).[7] However ART non-compliance can cause the spread of resistant viruses and increase mortality.
Thus the HIV problem is still worrying and faced with this situation, Lúrio University Health Sciences Faculty (HSF) did the following: 1) planned knowledge translation programme necessary for the development of local communities; 2) acquired financing from the Institutional Development Fund of the Ministry Education to fund this project. Another reason to study ART adherence[8] and ART cessation determinants in Nampula, is the absence of systematic knowledge regarding these determinants[9] [10]. Having a clear idea of these determinants will allow the researchers to implement actions to reduce this public health problem.
The research two main objectives are: 1) evaluate ART adherence[11] [12] in Nampula province health centres (HC); 2) identify ART cessation main factors in these patients.
2. METHODOLOGY
Descriptive cohort study using quantitative and qualitative methods[13].
Study population: patients seeking care in five HC in Nampula province during 2014 and enrolled to take ART, including those who are adherent and those who are non-compliant with ART or ceased ART.
Sample: the number of patients to be surveyed in each district (in treatment and who ceased therapy) was calculated using the formula (n = pq Ɛ2 / i) where (n = sample number of subjects, ɛ = 1.96, p = ART last dropout rate prevalence in the HC, q = 1 - p, considering a confidence range = 98%, i = 0.02 error limit). It was added a margin of 10% for occasional losses or dropouts, and calculated 165 patients on ART and 165 patients who are non-adherent to meet the above parameters. The subjects on ART were randomly chosen, according to a random date of query to ART service. It was used a snowball sampling to find people who were non-compliant with therapy (with active search, AS, and individual availability signing an informed consent form).
Inclusion criteria: districts with prevalence of HIV and ART's cessation rate higher than the provincial average, and an ART program that is implemented in a HC with accurate statistical data including geographic location, and evidence of voluntary participation. 
Non-inclusion criteria: patient who does not sign an informed consent form.
Exclusion criteria: patients with acute illness or intoxication, or who wished to withdraw from the study.
Variables: district, gender, age, on ART, adherence, education, time in treatment, number of doses and pills per day, depression, consumption of psychotropic substances, family support, membership in Community Adherence Support Group (CASG), use of traditional medicine, knowledge about risks of poor adherence, attendance for ARV pharmacy refills in the last 3 months, food availability, Body Mass Index (BMI), medication intake failure over the last 72 hours and last month[14], last CD4 count level and date, alleged causes of ART non-compliance, occurrence of diarrhoea or vomiting in the last week and Tuberculosis (TB) in the last month.
ART dropout data were reviewed through the Nampula Provincial Health Directorate (NPHD) and statistical districts HC records. HC ART program leaders were interviewed. Seven questioners were selected (completed secondary education, fluency in the local language, unrelated to the health care system, unknown to respondents), trained and signed ethical commitment term for undertaking the active search (patients who had abandoned ART) within a HC pedestrian radius (five kilometres), being paid 100 meticais (2.5 euro) per survey.
The study followed five phases: 1) districts and HC selection: documental analysis and geographical criteria: HC 25 September, Nampula City - urban; Nacaroa HC - corridor;  Lalaua HC - rural; Murrupula HC - corridor; Mossuril HC - coast (see Annex Table III); 2) target groups identification: patients on ART, patients who dropped out ART; documental analysis (HC statistics and medical records, see Annex Table IV); 3) references about dropout causes in ART services were searched and reviewed; 4) patients surveys[15], review of Pharmacy ARV dispensing registers and interviews with health professionals in charge of HC ART program[16]; 5) data introduction in Statistical Package for Social Sciences 21, data processing, inferential (bivariate) analysis and interpretation of results[17].
The following risks were considered and prevention methods applied to avoid bias: institutional risks – statistical indicators health records low reliability controlled by gathering information locally at HC; poor individual medical records, controlled by patients clinical examination; target group risks - reliability of survey responses, controlled by triangulation questions, records in clinical files and HC pharmacy.
The research protocol was approved by the Lúrio University Institutional Bioethics Committee for Health and by NPHD and the research complied with all Helsinki Declaration recommendations (2013).
3. RESULTS
ART cessation rates collected in district HC monthly statistics vary from 40% (Nacaroa) to 7% (Nampula), with an average of 11%. Were surveyed 295 subjects (208 on ART surpassing the calculated sample and 86 cessations, lower than expected due to missing or incorrect information in medical records for their location by the inquirers in the AS), 70% were female, between 18 to 62 years old. ART cessation rates were inversely proportional to age and 81% of patients have an inadequate level of education (illiterate or primary level) and had limited comprehension and expression of Portuguese which is the official language of the country. The following table shows patients reported causes for ART cessation.
Table I: patients reported ART cessation causes (86).
Causes
% Respondents
Fear of society (stigma and discrimination, rejection and divorce)
36%
Travel (with temporary change of residence)
27%
ARV Side effects[18]
26%
HC Poor care
13%

Depression[19] signs or symptoms are or were present in 37% of the group (295) but the majority (82%) said they do not consume psychotropic substances[20] (alcohol consumption[21] [22] was seen in 15%); 58% consider that they lack sufficient food; severe under nutrition (BMI <18 .5="" 12="" in="" is="" o:p="" present="">




Table II: risk factors for ART cessation (295)
Risk factors
Patients on ART (208)
Patients who left ART (86)
p
 Time on ART
90% between 4 months and more than 4 years
71% between less than 3 months and a year
p = 0,000
Number of daily doses
One (50%)
More than one (72%)
p = 0,000
Lack of family support[23]
55%
67%
p = 0,012
Do not know CASG
63%
91%
p = 0,000
Belong to CASG
14%
0%
p = 0,01
Think CASG facilitates ART
45%
4%
p = 0,000
Relies on traditional medicine
24%
37%
p = 0,18
Know poor adherence risks
51%
41%
p = 0,000

In ART patients (208) 27% missed taking at least one dose over the last 3 days and 33% failed at least once in the previous month[24] (failure of two or more doses was observed in 23%); 26% did not regularly pick up ARV in HC Pharmacy during last 3 months[25] (ARV refill for these patients is limited to HC Pharmacy). ART adherence (> 95% doses taken[26] in the last three months) estimated average in 5 districts stands at 69% but 36% had a low CD4 count (<350 18="" 63="" 6="" 9="" and="" art="" by="" comply="" count="" diarrhoea="" do="" every="" in="" incidence="" last="" monitoring="" month="" months="" not="" o:p="" occurrence="" of="" or="" protocol="" reported="" the="" tuberculosis="" vomiting="" was="" week="" with="">
4. DISCUSSION
The researchers were initially challenged by insufficient and unreliable information at central level (NPHD) and in the HC, including that in clinical files that did not allow the AS for absentees and cessations. ART cessation rates are underestimated in districts HC HIV programme indicators statistics. ART cessation main reason pointed by patients, stigma and discrimination, as also pointed out by other authors[27], is confirmed by the significant lack of family support. The low level of education, also confirmed by the literature[28], could explain the second cessation cause, travelling, because patients did not change residence but did not make the documentation transfer for benefiting ART at the new HC. Depression diagnosis suspicion is quite prevalent in the group and confirms other studies[29]  [30] but does not appear in clinical records (and the majority of HC has no antidepressant drugs). Food insecurity[31] is highly prevalent in this group and yet not reported by patients as a cessation cause. Although HC poor health service occupies the last place in cessation causes, the number of doses and tablets[32] (higher than stipulated in the ART program), the last CD4 blood collection date (more than 6 months) and the patients’ lack of knowledge about poor adherence risks, reveal that many patients are not following the recommended ART protocol due to a deficit in HC services quality. Still CASG are weakly set in all districts, their role to support these patients is insignificant and even unsure. Patients on ART adherence (> 95% of dose[33]) estimated average in 5 districts for the last three months stands at 69%, below other studies in Africa[34], what may explain the poor results in CD4 count (< 350) and the occurrence of opportunistic infections (27%).
5. CONCLUSION
The ART non adherence rate in Nampula, depends mainly on patient’s food insecurity and social stigma. It is a serious and complex public health problem, resulting from individual factors (patient’s educational and economic low level[35],[36]), social determinants (stigma, discrimination, lack of family support[37]) and health system inadequacy. The ART adherence rate is less than the regional average, increasing the risk of resistant HIV. The researchers think it is necessary to improve clinical file management and health information systems and develop a regular, systematically reviewed interdisciplinary approach among patients[38] and families (health information and education, CASGs design and training, rural extension), health professionals (referral to CASGs, home visits, poor adherence prevention strategies[39] [40] [41]) and traditional healers (healthy diet, chronic diseases, CASGs management), to reverse this situation[42] and reduce the incidence, morbidity and mortality caused by HIV.



ANNEXURES
Table III: HIV / ART Program District indicators (provided by NPHD).
Indicators
February 2014
N.
District
N⁰
People  HIV + 2014
N⁰ Total on ART 2014
% HIV+ on ART
HIV Prevalence 2014 (% pregnancies)
HIV Prevalence 2014
 (% District Population)
N⁰ ART
Cessation
Cessation
Rates
 (% ART)
1
Angoche
1526
1239
81
6.1
0.5
85
6.9
2
Erati
4639
3461
75
5.1
1.5
1
0.0
3
Ilha de Moçambique
1114
1277
115
7.7
2.0
102
8.0
4
Lalaua
1355
422
31
2.1
1.6
80
19.0
5
Malema
3845
1401
36
2.3
2.0
50
3.6
6
Meconta
2272
1672
74
2.4
1.2
130
7.8
7
Mecuburi
1342
1042
78
5.7
0.7
6
0.6
8
Memba
1654
554
33
1.9
0.6
44
7.9
9
Mogincual
690
925
134
1.8
0.4
37
4.0
10
Mogovolas
1703
1409
83
1.6
0.4
200
14.2
11
Moma
3091
2993
97
5.1
0.9
156
5.2
12
Monapo
2081
1499
72
2.4
0.6
138
9.2
13
Mossuril
894
581
65
5.1
0.7
77
13.3
14
Muecate
840
1329
158
6
0.8
43
3.2
15
Murrupula
2031
1125
55
3
1.2
0
0.0
16
Nacala a Velha
855
801
94
6.8
0.7
67
8.4
17
Nacala Porto
5691
7857
138
5.8
2.4
358
4.6
18
Nacaroa
1358
959
71
3
1.1
197
20.5
19
Nampula Cidade
18354
16331
89
9.8
3.0
507
3.1
20
Nampula Distrito
965
964
100
2.8
0.4
22
2.3
21
Ribaue
1196
860
72
5.1
0.5
27
3.1
Total
57496
48701

91.6
23.2
2327

Average
2738
2319
85
4
1
111
5

Table IV: HIV / ART Program District Indicators (collected in HC October 2014).

District
HC Population
N⁰ HIV + Persons 2014
N⁰ Total on ART 2014
% HIV+ on ART
HIV Prevalence 2014 (% pregnancies)
HIV Prevalence 2014 (% District Population)
N⁰ ART Cessations
Cessation rate (% on ART)
Deaths N⁰ on ART
Mortality Rate (% ART)
1
Lalaua
43106
978
494
51
2
10.1
85
17.2
23
4.7
2
Mossuril
25102
519
269
52
4.6
2.4
80
29.7
53
10.7
3
Murrupula
57824
2024
1149
57
15.1
2.5
46
4.0
26
9.7
4
Nacaroa
35246
1402
688
49
6.1
8.4
278
40.4
54
4.7
5
Nampula
103404
13071
5651
43
4.9
25.0
406
7.2
79
11.5

Total
264682
17994
8251

32.7
48.4
895
10.8
235
2.8
Average
52936
3599
1650
46
7
10
179

47


Note: the total number of cessations in Murrupula and Nampula HC far exceeds the monthly statistics and it is not possible to find a large number of clinical files, so we do not exactly know the ART cessation rate in these HC.



REFERENCES


[1] Project leader, conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article, final approval of the version to be published; Family and Community Medicine Specialist, Lecturer, Health Sciences Faculty, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique.
[2] Samples preparation, acquisition of data, data analysis, interpretation of data; MD, Lecturer, Health Sciences Faculty, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique.
[3] Acquisition of data, data analysis, revising the article; Pedagogic Sciences PhD, Lecturer, Health Sciences Faculty, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique.





[1] Michel Sidibe, UNAIDS Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010, The global reference book on the AIDS epidemic and response, Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), WHO Library cataloguing-in-publication data, UNAIDS/10.11.E|JC1958E, 2010.

[2] General Assembly President, Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS, United Nations General Assembly,  Sixty-fifth session | Agenda item 10, A/RES/65/277, 8 June 2011.
[3]  Jesus E, King E, McGuire S et al. Clinical significance of simplicity and adherence in antiretroviral therapy, Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, Clinical Care Options HIV, 2007, Clinical Care Options, LLC.
[4] Velasco A, Suberviola S, Esteban A et al. Factors associated with adherence in HIV patients, Farm Hosp. 2009; 33(1):4-11.
[5] Mermin J, Ekwaru P, Were W, et al. Utility of routine viral load, CD4 cell count, and clinical monitoring among adults with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: randomised trial. BMJ. 2011; 343.
[6] African Health Observatory, Atlas of African Health Statistics 2014, Health situation analysis of the African Region, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, 2014; 54-56.
[7]  Grupo Técnico Multissectorial de Apoio á Luta contra o HIV / SIDA em Moçambique, Ronda de Vigilância Epidemiológica do HIV de 2007, República de Moçambique, Ministério da Saúde, Direcção Nacional de Assistência Médica, Maputo, 2008.
[8] Marcellin F, Spire B, Carrieri P et al. Assessing adherence to antiretroviral therapy in randomized HIV clinical trials: a review of currently used methods, Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013; 11(3):239-50.
[9] Nachega B, Mills J, Schechter M, Antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care in middle-income and low-income countries: current status of knowledge and research priorities, Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010; 5(1):70-7.
[10] Reynolds R, Adherence to antiretroviral therapies: state of the science, Curr HIV Res. 2004; 2(3):207-14.
[11]  Williams B, Amico R, Bova C et al., A proposal for quality standards for measuring medication adherence in research, AIDS Behav. 2013; 17(1):284-97.
[12]  Berg M, Arnsten H, Practical and conceptual challenges in measuring antiretroviral adherence, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006; 43 Suppl 1:S79-87.
[13]  Sankar A, Golin C, Simoni JM e col., How qualitative methods contribute to understanding combination antiretroviral therapy adherence, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006; 43 Suppl 1:S54-68.
[14] Karina B, Julia A, Practical and conceptual challenges in measuring antiretroviral adherence, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006; 43(Suppl 1): S79-S87.
[15] Sullivan S, Campsmith L, Nakamura V, et al. Patient and regimen characteristics associated with self-reported non adherence to antiretroviral therapy, PLos One. 2007; 2(6).
[16] Stubbs A, Micek A, Pfeiffer T, et al. Treatment partners and adherence to HAART in Central Mozambique, AIDS Care. 2009; 21(11):1412-9.
[17] Bulgiba A, Mohammed Y, Chik Z, et al. How well does self-reported adherence fare compared to therapeutic drug monitoring in HAART? , Prev Med. 2013; 57 Suppl: S34-6.
[18] Al-Dakkak I, Patel S, McCann, et al. The impact of specific HIV treatment-related adverse events on adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, AIDS Care. 2013; 25(4):400-14.
[19] Reisner L, Mimiaga J, Skeer M, et al. A review of HIV antiretroviral adherence and intervention studies among HIV-infected youth, Top HIV Med. 2009; 17(1):14-25.
[20]  Lucas M, Substance abuse, adherence with antiretroviral therapy, and clinical outcomes among HIV-infected individuals, Life Sci. 2011; 88(21-22):948-52.
[21] Azar M, Springer A, Meyer P, et al. A systematic review of the impact of alcohol use disorders on HIV treatment outcomes, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and health care utilization, Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010; 112(3): 178-93.
[22] Hendershot S, Stoner A, Pantalone W, et al. Alcohol use and antiretroviral adherence: review and meta-analysis, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(2): 180-202.
[23] Sandelowski M, Voils I, Chang Y, et al. A systematic review comparing antiretroviral adherence descriptive and intervention studies conducted in the USA, AIDS Care. 2009; 21(8):953-66.
[24] Simoni M, Kurth E, Pearson R, et al. Self-report measures of antiretroviral therapy adherence: A review with recommendations for HIV research and clinical management, AIDS Behav. 2006; 0(3):227-45.
[25] Jane S, Rivet A, Laramie S, et al. Antiretroviral adherence interventions: translating research findings to the real world clinic, Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2010; 7(1): 44-51.
[26] Emamzadeh-Fard S., Fard E, Seyed S, et al. Adherence to anti-retroviral therapy and its determinants in HIV/AIDS patients: a review, Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2012; 12(5):346-56.
[27] Redfield R, Blattner W, New Directions in HIV Therapy and Prevention —The Next 25 Years, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, From cause to care, Commemorating 25 years of HIV / AIDS Research,  The American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2009.
[28] Peltzer K, Pengpid S., Socioeconomic factors in adherence to HIV therapy in low- and middle-income countries, J Health Popul Nutr. 2013; 31(2): 150-70.
[29] Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Bass K, Alexandre P, et al. Depression, alcohol use and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review, AIDS Behav. 2012; 16(8):2101-18.
[30] Nel A, Kagee A, Common mental health problems and antiretroviral therapy adherence, AIDS Care. 2011; 23(11): 1360-5.
[31] Nancy R, Optimizing adherence to antiretroviral therapy, inPractice, https://www.inpractice.com/Textbooks/HIV/Antiretroviral_Therapy/ch13_pt1_Adherence, assessed 24-05-2014.
[32] Conway B, The role of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in the management of HIV infection, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45 Suppl 1:S14-8.
[33] Nischal C, Khopkar U, Saple G, Improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy, Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2005; 71(5):316-20.
[34] Mills J, Nachega B, Buchan I, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa and North America: a meta-analysis, JAMA. 2006; 296(6):679-90.
[35] Rachlis S, Mills J, Cole C, Livelihood security and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in low and middle income settings: a systematic review, PLoS One. 2011;6(5): e 18948.
[36] Falagas E, Zakadoulia A, Pliatsika A, et al., Socioeconomic status (SES) as a determinant to adherence to treatment in HIV infected patients: a systematic review of the literature, Retrovirology. 2008; 5:13.
[37] Arrondo V, Sainz S, Andres E, et al. Factors associated with adherence in HIV patients, Farm Hosp. 2009; 33(1): 4-11.
[38] Leeman J, Chang K, Lee J, Implementation of antiretroviral therapy adherence interventions: a realist synthesis of evidence, J Adv Nurs. 2010; 66(9): 1915-30.
[39] Simoni M, Amico R, Smith L, et al. Antiretroviral adherence interventions: translating research findings to the real world clinic, Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2010; 7(1): 44-51.
[40] Bangsberg R, Preventing HIV antiretroviral resistance through better monitoring of treatment adherence, J Infect Dis. 2008; 197 Suppl 3: S272-8.
[41] Machtinger L, Bangsbeg R, Seven steps to better adherence: a practical approach to promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy, AIDS Read. 2007; 17(1): 43-51.
[42] Amico R, Orrell C, Antiretroviral therapy adherence support: recommendations and future directions, J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2013; 12(2):128-37.